
Пассивный залог: (is done / was done)
Мы используем пассивный залог, чтобы изменить смысл предложения. Мы делаем пассив, используя глагол be + причастие прошедшего времени. Мы начинаем предложение с объекта. Не всегда нужно добавлять, кто или что совершил действие.
A. Study this example:
This house was built in 1930.
‘Was built’ is passive (пассивный залог). Compare active and passive:
Somebody (subject) built this house (object) in 1930. (active)
This house (object) was built in 1930. (passive)
We use an active verb to say what the subject does:
- My grandfather was a builder. He built this house in 1930.
- It’s a big company. It employs two hundred people.
We use a passive verb to say what happens to the subject:
- This house is quite old. It was built in 1930.
- Two hundred people are employed by the company.
B. When we use the passive, who or what causes the action is often unknown or unimportant:
- A lot of money was stolen in the robbery, (somebody stole it but we don’t know who)
- Is this room cleaned every day? (does somebody clean it? — it’s not important who)
If we want to say who does or what causes the action, we use by…:
- This house was built by my grandfather.
- Two hundred people are employed by the company.
C. Как строится пассивный залог с «is»
be (is/was/have been etc.) + the past participle (done/cleaned/seen etc.):
(be) done (be) cleaned (be) seen (be) damaged (be) built etc.
Study the active and passive forms of the present simple and past simple:
Present simple | |
active: clean(s)/see(s) etc. | Somebody cleans this room every day. |
passive: am/is/are cleaned/seen etc. | This room is cleaned every day. |
|
|
Past simple | |
active: cleaned/saw etc. | Somebody cleaned this room yesterday. |
passive: was/were cleaned/seen etc. | This room was cleaned yesterday. |
|
EXERCISE
1 Complete the sentences using one of these verbs in the correct form:
cause damage hold include invite make overtake show translate write
- Many accidents …are caused by dangerous driving.
- Cheese …………………………………………… from milk.
- The roof of the building …………………………………………… in a storm a few days ago.
- There’s no need to leave a tip. Service …………………………………………… in the bill.
- You …………………………………………… to the wedding. Why didn’t you go?
- A cinema is a place where films ……………………………………………
- In the United States, elections for President…………………………………………… every four years.
- Originally the book …………………. in Spanish and a few years ago it……………………………. into English.
- We were driving along quite fast but we …………………………………………… by lots of other cars.
2 Write questions using the passive. Some are present and some are past.
- Ask about the telephone, (when/invent?) ..When was the telephone invented?...
- Ask about glass, (how/make?) How …………………………………………………………………………………….
- Ask about Australia, (when/discover?) ………………………………………………………………………………….
- Ask about silver, (what/use for?) ………………………………………………………………………………………..
- Ask about television, (when/invent?) …………………………………………………………………………………..
3 Put thhe verb into the correct form, present simple or past simple, active or passive.
- It’s a big factory. Five hundred people …are employed... (employ) there.
- Water …………………………………………… (cover) most of the Earth’s surface.
- Most of the Earth’s surface …………………………………………… (cover) by water.
- The park gates …………………………………………… (lock) at 6.30 p.m. every evening.
- The letter …………………………….. (post) a week ago and it………………………………. (arrive) yesterday.
- The boat……………………. (sink) quickly but fortunately everybody ………………………………. (rescue).
- Ron’s parents ……………… (die) when he was very young. He and his sister……………………………….. (bring) up by their grandparents.
- I was born in London but I………………………………………….. (grow) up in the north of England.
- While I was on holiday, my camera ………………………………………… (steal) from my hotel room.
- While I was on holiday, my camera …………………………………….. (disappear) from my hotel room.
- Why …………………………………………… (Sue/resign) from her job? Didn’t she enjoy it?
- Why …………………………………………… (Bill/sack) from his job? What did he do wrong?
- The company is not independent. It…………………………………… (own) by a much larger company.
- I saw an accident last night. Somebody ………………………… (call) an ambulance but nobody ……………………………………… (injure) so the ambulance ……………………………………. (not/need).
- Where ………………. (these photographs/take)? In London?…………………………. (you/take) them?
4 Rewrite these sentences. Instead of using ‘somebody/they/people’ etc. write a passive sentence.
- Somebody cleans the room every day. .. .The room is cleaned every day….
- They cancelled all flights because of fog. All …………………………………………………………………………..
- People don’t use this road very often. ………………………………………………………………………………….
- Somebody accused me of stealing money. I ………………………………………………………………………….
- How do people learn languages? How……………………………………………………………………………………
- People advised us not to go out alone. …………………………………………………………………………………