Auxiliary verbs: вспомогательные глаголы
Вспомогательные глаголы — это слова, которые добавляет функциональное или грамматическое значение предложению, в котором они встречаются, выражая время, вид, модальность, залог, ударение и т. п. Вспомогательные глаголы обычно сопровождают инфинитив глагол или причастие, которые несут основное смысловое содержание предложения
A. Два глагола в предложении
| I | have | lost | my keys. |
| She | can’t | come | to the party. |
| The hotel | was | built | ten years ago |
| Where | do you | live? |
В этих примерах have/can’t/was/do — вспомогательные глаголы
Вы можете использовать вспомогательный глагол (без остальной части предложения), когда не хотите что-то повторять:
- ‘Have you locked the door?’ ‘Yes, I have.’ (= I have locked the door)
- George wasn’t working but Janet was. (= Janet was working)
- She could lend me the money but she won’t. (= she won’t lend me the money)
- ‘Are you angry with me?’ ‘Of course I’m not.’ (= I’m not angry)
Используйте do/does/did в настоящем и простом прошедшем временах:
- ‘Do you like onions?’ ‘Yes, I do.’ (= I like onions)
- ‘Does Mark smoke?’ ‘He did but he doesn’t any more.’
B. Вопросы have you? / isn’t she? / do they? и т.п. как выражение вежливого интереса к словам собеседника:
- ‘I’ve just met Simon.’ ‘Oh, have you? How is he?’
- ‘Liz isn’t very well today.’ ‘Oh, isn’t she? What’s wrong with her?’
- ‘It rained every day during our holiday.’ ‘Did it? What a pity!’
Иногда мы используем эти «короткие вопросы», чтобы выразить удивление:
- ‘Jim and Nora are getting married.’ ‘Are they? Really?’
C. Вспомогательные глаголы с «so» и «neither»:
- ‘I’m feeling tired.’ ‘So am I.’ (= I’m feeling tired too)
- ‘I never read newspapers.’ ‘Neither do I.’ (=1 never read newspapers either)
- Sue hasn’t got a car and neither has Martin.
Обратите внимание на порядок слов после «so» и «neither» (глагол стоит перед подлежащим)
- I passed the exam and so did Tom. (НЕ ‘so Tom did’)
Вместо «neither» можно использовать «nor»:
- ‘I can’t remember his name.’ ‘Nor can I.’ или ‘Neither can I.’
Вы также можете сказать ‘…not…either’:
- ‘I haven’t got any money.’ ‘Neither have I.’ или ‘Nor have I.’ или ‘I haven’t either.’
D. I think so/I hope so
После некоторых глаголов вы можете использовать so, если не хотите что-то повторять:
- ‘Are those people English?’ T think so.’ (= I think they are English)
- ‘Will you be at home tomorrow morning?’ ‘I expect so.’ (= I expect I’ll be at home…)
- ‘Do you think Kate has been invited to the party?’ ‘I suppose so.’
Вы также можете сказать «I hope so», «I guess so» или «I’m afraid so».
Обычные отрицательные формы имеют вид:
| I think so/I expect so | —> | I don’t think so / I don’t expect so |
| I hope so / I’m afraid so/I guess so | —> | I hope not / I’m afraid not /I guess not |
| I suppose so | —> | I don’t suppose so or I suppose not |
- ‘Is that woman American?’ ‘I think so. /I don’t think so.’
- ‘Do you think it’s going to rain?’ ‘I hope so. / I hope not.’ (not ‘I don’t hope so’)
EXERCISES
1 Complete the sentences with an auxiliary verb (do/was/could/should etc.). Sometimes the verb must be negative (don’t/wasn’t etc.).
- I wasn’t tired but my friends ..were.
- I like hot weather but Ann ……………………………
- ‘Is Colin here?’ ‘He ………………………….. five minutes ago but I think he’s gone home now.’
- She might phone later this evening but I don’t think she ……………………………
- ‘Are you and Chris coming to the party?’ ‘I…………………………. but Chris ……………………………’
- I don’t know whether to apply for the job or not. Do you think I…………………………?
- ‘Please don’t tell anybody what I said.’ ‘Don’t worry. I……………………………’
- ‘You never listen to me.’ ‘Yes, I…………………………..!’
- ‘Can you play a musical instrument?’ ‘No, but I wish I……………………………’
- ‘Please help me.’ ‘I’m sorry. I………………………. if I………………………. but I…………………………..
2 You never agree with Sue. Answer in the way shown.
- I’m hungry. Are you? I’m not
- I’m not tired. … Aren’t you? I am.
- I like football. …………………………………………………
- I didn’t enjoy the film. …………………………………………………
- I’ve never been to South America. …………………………………………………
- I thought the exam was quite easy. …………………………………………………
3 You are talking to Tina. Write true sentences about yourself. Reply with So… or Neither… if
suitable. Study the two examples carefully.
- I feel really tired. So do I
- I’m working hard. Are you? I’m not..
- I watched television last week. …………………………………………………
- I won’t be in London next week. …………………………………………………
- I live in a small town. …………………………………………………
- I’d like to go to the moon. …………………………………………………
- I can’t play the trumpet. …………………………………………………
4 In these conversations, you are B. Read the information in brackets and then answer with I think so, I hope not etc.
- (You don’t like rain.) A: Is it going to rain? B: (hope) …I hope not.
- You need more money quickly. A: Do you think you’ll get a pay rise soon? B: (hope)……………………..
- (You think Diane will probably get the job that she applied for.) A: I wonder if Diane will get the job. B: (expect) ……………………………………………………………….
- (You’re not sure whether Jill is married — probably not.) A: Is Jill married? B: (think) …………………:……………………………………………………………………………….
- (You are the receptionist at a hotel. The hotel is full.) A: Have you got a room for tonight? B: (afraid) …………………………………………………………….
- (You’re at a party. You have to leave early.) A: Do you have to leave already? B: (afraid)……………………………………………………………………….
- (Ann normally works every day, Monday to Friday. Tomorrow is Wednesday.) A: Is Ann working tomorrow? B: (suppose) …………………………………………………………………………
- (You are going to a party. You can’t stand John.) A: Do you think John will be at the party? B: (hope)………………………………………………………….
- (You’re not sure what time the concert is — probably 7.30.) A: Is the concert at 7.30? B: (think) ………………………………………………………………………………………
